حسین نعمھ مالي شغل بالسوگ مریت اشوفك عطشان حفنھ سنین واروي علی شوفك کون الگلب بیھ باب ینطر وراویك چا گتلي عفیھ علیك دم ولحم بیك

Transcription

1 مالي شغل بالسوگ مریت اشوفك عطشان حفنھ سنین واروي علی شوفك کون الگلب بیھ باب ینطر وراویك چا گتلي عفیھ علیك دم ولحم بیك مالي شغل بالسوق/ كلام قدیم ارد اشلع الدلال بعینھ خلھ یشوف لھواي اودیھ ھجره شعمل بیھ الدھر گص یمناي شل یسرة البین ابیش الزم الدلال بیش امسح العین ارد أعبر الجسرین كرخ ورصافھ واسا ل عن المحبوب منھو اللي شافھ أشلون انام اللیل وانتھ على بالي حتى السمج بالماي یبجي على حالي حسین نعمھ

2 Hypothalamo-pitutary-gonadal axis Sex hormones (Testosterones, estrogens and progesterone) have ve feedback on the pituitary and the hypothalamus.

3 Hypothalamo-pitutary-gonadal axis Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the Hypothalamus to control release of other pituitary (sex) hormones The pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) controls the functions of the testis (male) and ovary (female) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the production of sperm, ova Luteinizing hormone (LH) controls the production of male androgens (example Testosterone) by the testis, and female estrogen and progesterone by the ovary and initiates ovulation. Testosterone (From Testis). important for normal development and functioning of the male reproductive organs Female ovary produces Estrogens and Progesterone which is under the control of pituitary FSH and LH.

4 TESTOSTERONE Hormonal regulation in males Primary function: Growth of sex organs. Differentiation of fetus sex into male. Growth of facial, axillary and pubic hair and else. (baldness) Growth of larynx and vocal cords (Adams apple is bigger in males) Stimulate oil and sweat gland (acne) Growth of muscles (anabolic hormones) Development of bones, skeleton (males are taller than females), wide shoulders, long legs. Behavioral effects (male behavior).

5 The ovary Contains many follicles each containing an immature egg (oocyte) At puberty a female has ~300, ,000 follicles During the lifetime of a female only ~400 follicles mature One follicle matures each month from puberty until menopause (end of ovarian and uterine cycles) Ovulation is the monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary when a follicle ruptures

6 Hormonal control of the ovaries Estrogen and Progesterone Primary function Growth of sex organs Secondary characters: Body hair Body fat, curved appearance Wider and deeper pelvic girdle Less muscles, shorter (Do women produce testosterone? Do men produce Estrogens?)

7 Follicular phase GnRH The ovarian cycle -FSH- -Follicle growth which secretes -Estrogen -Estrogen Inhibits other follicles and pituitary (ie FSH) -Only one follicle matures When Estrogen level is HIGH enough it exerts +ve feedback (instead of ve) on the pituitary

8 When Estrogen level is HIGH enough it exerts +ve feedback (instead of ve) on the pituitary SO pituitary is stimulated (instead of inhibited) and release high amount of LH and FSH (LH spike) which causes OVULATION. LH then stimulates the the remaining part of follicle after ovulation (which is now called corpus luteum) to secret Progesterone causing the LUTEAL Phase The ovarian cycle This is the formation and release of an immature egg Controlled by GnRH from the hypothalamus 2 phases: - Follicular phase: - FSH promotes the development of a follicle that secretes estrogen - An estrogen spike leads to a surge in LH and ovulation around day 14 in the 28-day cycle - Luteal phase: - LH promotes the develop of the corpus luteum that functions to secrete progesterone - When pregnancy does not occur menstruation begins

9 The uterine cycle A 28-day cyclic event in the uterus: Days 1-5: low level of estrogen and progesterone causing the inner uterine lining (endometrium) to disintegrate and MENSTRUATION occurs Days 6-13 (PROLIFERATIVE PHASE): increase in estrogen causing the endometrium to thicken Day 14: ovulation usually occurs Days (SECRETORY PHASE): increase in progesterone causes endometrium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down Ovarian cycle Follicular (+ ovulation) Luteal Uterine cycle Proliferative Secretory (+ menstruation) Hormones FSH and Estrogen LH and Progesterone

10 Hormones in the ovarian and uterine phase

11 Fertilization and Pregnancy Fertilization union of a sperm and egg nucleus (in oviduct) to form a zygote Pregnancy begins with implantation usually ~6 days after fertilization Formed placenta secretes HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) to maintain the corpus luteum and stimulates progesterone secretion (which ve FB the hypothalamus to inhibit FSH and consequently inhibits new ova maturation during pregnancy). (Pregnancy test) The placenta (formed from maternal and fetal tissues) sustains the embryo In placenta, exchange of materials between embryo and mother takes place (No direct contact between their bloods) Fertilization The oocyte is viable for 12 to 24 hours Sperm is viable 24 to 72 hours For fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than: Three days before ovulation 24 hours after ovulation

12 Fertilization Implantation